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Helicobacter pylori; Gallbladder; Chronic cholecystitis; Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder cancer

Introduction

The gram-negative, microaerophilic spiral rod known as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has 4-7 flagella [1]. It is acknowledged as one of the most widespread chronic bacterial diseases in the world, affecting almost half the world's population. And it has been demonstrated to be the primary pathogenic agent in chronic duodenal, gastric, and gastritis ulcers [2]. Atrophic gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, gastric cancer, and nonulcer dyspepsia [3].

Investigations and reports have been made about the association of H. pylori with illnesses affecting organs other than the stomach and duodenum [4]. Patients with chronic liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, intrahepatic stones, hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma were found to have H. pylori antibodies in their livers, bile ducts [5-8].

In atherosclerosis, acute coronary ischemia (biopsies from the aorta and internal mammary artery), coronary heart disease (CHD), and atheroma, there occurs cholelithiasis in the heart and arteries [9,10]. Additionally, rosacea, chronic urticaria, and Sweet's syndrome affect the skin [11,12]. In addition, H. pylori has been linked to megaloblastic anaemia, cobalamin insufficiency, vitamin B-12 deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia in children [13,14].

We wanted to briefly examine the connection between H. pylori infection and gallbladder conditions such chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and gall bladder cancer in this mini-review.

Chronic cholecystitis

This discovery led to the issue of whether gallbladder colonisationv with H. pylori would be the source of chronic inflammation similar to the relationship of H. pylori in chronic gastric inflammation after Sabbaghian shown that GERD and gastritis are typically present in biliary dyskinesia [15]. Moricz. Patients with chronic cholecystitis had a high incidence of H. pylori infection, and it was suggested that this bacterial infection may be linked to a pathogenic process. Chen DF demonstrated the connection between Gallbladder mucosa metaplasia with chronic cholecystitis, with implies maybe connected to the H. Infection with H. pylori in the gallbladder. Additionally,they demonstrated a substantial correlation relationship Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-8 and H pylori positive levels in the gallbladder, suggesting that these ILs could take role in pathogenesis of chronic cholecystitis. This outcome is constant insights regard to how ILs contribute to the development of gastritis caused by H pylori and gastroenteritis.

Cholelithiasis

In the gallbladder mucosa of a patient who underwent cholecystectomy for the first time in 1996 and had gallstones and cholecystitis, Kawaguchi found H. pylori for the first time. There are conflicting findings from several research that support or refute the hypothesis that H. pylori has a role in the development of gallstones. For the opposing camp, we may suggest that bile stasis brought on by biliary obstruction can result in bacterial overgrowth and gallstone production.

Gallbladder cancer

Patient demographics, gallbladder abnormalities, patient exposure, and infections with Salmonella and Helicobacter are risk factors for the development of gallbladder cancer. Hassan hypothesised that the H. pylori infection might exacerbate gallbladder mucosal lesions that are possibly precancerous (mucosal hyperplasia, metaplasia, and lymphoid infiltration), which are associated with biliary tract carcinoma (gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma). There are several potential explanations for the link between H. pylori infection and gallbladder cancer. Interfering with cell proliferation and death. Increasing cellular inflammatory response (IL-8 production). The perigenetic pathway: inflammation and elevated TNF- and IL-6 production modify cell adhesion and cause mutant epithelial cells to disperse and migrate. The proinflammatory signalling pathways are activated in hepatobiliary cells by Cag PAI, a virulence factor of H. pylori, in a manner similar to how it affects gastric epithelial cells.

Conclusion

Our research suggests that one of the etiological reasons for gallbladder illnesses may be H. pylori infection in the gallbladder. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific process.

Acknowledgement

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

Author declares no conflict of interest.

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