91桃色

Abstract

Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases affecting individuals worldwide. This condition arises from the demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin due to acid production by bacterial biofilms, primarily Streptococcus mutans that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates in the oral cavity. The progression of caries involves a complex interplay between microbial communities, host factors such as saliva composition and immune response, diet, and fluoride exposure. Dental caries can develop at any age, impacting both primary and permanent dentition, and is particularly significant in pediatric populations where early childhood caries (ECC) can lead to pain, infection, and compromised quality of life. In adults, caries not only affects oral health but also has systemic implications, as it is associated with other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Preventive measures for dental caries emphasize the importance of oral hygiene practices, dietary control, and regular dental visits. Fluoride remains a cornerstone of caries prevention due to its role in remineralizing enamel and inhibiting bacterial activity. Additionally, advances in dental sealants, probiotics, and antimicrobial therapies offer promising avenues for caries control. Novel diagnostic tools, such as quantitative light fluorescence and digital radiography aid in early detection, improving the prognosis for affected teeth. Managing dental caries requires a multi-faceted approach, from non-invasive interventions in the initial stages to restorative treatments in advanced cases. Treatment modalities include fluoride varnishes, minimally invasive restorative techniques, and, in severe cases, endodontic therapy. Moreover, public health initiatives focus on community water fluoridation, educational campaigns, and access to dental care to address disparities in caries prevalence among different socioeconomic groups. This paper explores the etiology, risk factors, and preventive and treatment strategies for dental caries, with a focus on current research and future directions in caries management. It underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate this global oral health issue and improve the overall quality of life for affected populations.